Comparative Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Different Parts of Citrus sinensis Fruits via Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Data Analyses to Unravel Authenticity

verfasst von

Sherif M. Afifi, Eman M. Kabbash, Ralf G. Berger, Ulrich Krings, Tuba Esatbeyoglu

Abstract

Differences between seven authentic samples of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peel (albedo and flavedo) and juices from Spain and Uruguay, in addition to a concentrate obtained from Brazil, were investigated by untargeted metabolic profiling. Sixty-six metabolites were detected by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (nLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) belonging to phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, limonoids, terpenes, and fatty acids. Eleven metabolites were detected for the first time in Citrus sinensis and identified as citroside A, sinapic acid pentoside, apigenin-C-hexosyl-O-pentoside, chrysoeriol-C-hexoside, di-hexosyl-diosmetin, perilloside A, gingerol, ionone epoxide hydroxy-sphingenine, xanthomicrol, and coumaryl alcohol-O-hexoside. Some flavonoids were completely absent from the juice, while present most prominently in the Citrus peel, conveying more industrial and economic prospects to the latter. Multivariate data analyses clarified that the differences among orange parts overweighed the geographical source. PCA analysis of ESI-(−)-mode data revealed for hydroxylinoleic acid abundance in flavedo peel from Uruguay the most distant cluster from all others. The PCA analysis of ESI-(+)-mode data provided a clear segregation of the different Citrus sinensis parts primarily due to the large diversity of flavonoids and coumarins among the studied samples.

Organisationseinheit(en)

Institut für Lebensmittelchemie
Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft und Humanernährung
Molekulare Lebensmittelchemie und -entwicklung

Externe Organisation(en)

University of Sadat City
National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo

Typ

Artikel

Journal

Foods

Band

12

Publikationsdatum

29.01.2023

Publikationsstatus

Veröffentlicht

Peer-reviewed

Ja

ASJC Scopus Sachgebiete

Gesundheit (Sozialwissenschaften), Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Gesundheitsberufe (sonstige), Pflanzenkunde, Mikrobiologie

Elektronische Version(en)

https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12030579 (Zugang: Offen)